Following is a historical table of Nobel Prize Laureates for Literature from the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm.
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Year Nobel Laureate(s) Country
Citation
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2014 Patrick Modiano France
For the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable
human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation.
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2013 Alice Munro Canada
Master of the contemporary short story
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2012 Mo Yan China
Who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and
the contemporary.
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2011 Tomas Tranströmer Sweden
Because, through his condensed, transluscent images, he gives us
fresh access to reality.
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2010 Mario Vargas Llosa Peru
For his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images
of the individual’s resistance, revolt, and defeat.
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2009 Herta Mueller Germany
Who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose,
depicts the landscape of the dispossessed
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2008 Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio France
Author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy,
explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization
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2007 Doris Lessing United Kingdom
“That epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and
visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny.
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2006 Orhan Pamuk Turkey
Who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has
discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures.
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2005 Harold Pinter United Kingdom
Who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces
entry into oppression’s closed rooms.
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2004 Elfriede Jelinek Austria
For her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays
that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society’s
cliches and their subjugating power
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2003 J.M. Coetzee South Africa
Who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the
outsider.
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2002 Imre Kertesz Hungary
For writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against
the barbaric arbitrariness of history.
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2001 V.S. Naipaul United Kingdom
For having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works
that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories.
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2000 Gao Xingjian France
For an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic
ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama.
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1999 Gunter Grass Germany
Whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history.
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1998 Jose Saramago Portugal
Who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony
continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality.
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1997 Dario Fo Italy
Who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and
upholding the dignity of the downtrodden.
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1996 Wislawa Szymborska Poland
For poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological
context to come to light in fragments of human reality.
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1995 Seamus Heaney Ireland
For works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday
miracles and the living past.
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1994 Kenzaburo Oe Japan
Who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth
condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today.
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1993 Toni Morrison United States
Who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives
life to an essential aspect of American reality.
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1992 Derek Walcott Saint Lucia
For a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical
vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment.
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1991 Nadine Gordimer South Africa
Who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred
Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity.
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1990 Octavio Paz Mexico
For impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous
intelligence and humanistic integrity.
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1989 Camilo Jose Cela Spain
For a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a
challenging vision of man’s vulnerability.
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1988 Naguib Mahfouz Egypt
Who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now
evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies
to all mankind.
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1987 Joseph Brodsky United States
For an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and
poetic intensity.
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1986 Wole Soyinka Nigeria
who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions
the drama of existence.
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1985 Claude Simon France
Who in his novel combines the poet’s and the painter’s creativeness with
a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition.
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1984 Jaroslav Seifert Czechoslovakia
For his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich
inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and
versatility of man.
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1983 William Golding United Kingdom
For his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art
and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition
in the world of today.
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1982 Gabriel Garcia Marquez Columbia
For his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic
are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a
continent’s life and conflicts.
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1981 Elias Canetti United Kingdom
For writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and
artistic power.
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1980 Czeslaw Milosz Poland and USA
Who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man’s exposed condition
in a world of severe conflicts.
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1979 Odysseus Elytis Greece
For his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts
with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man’s
struggle for freedom and creativeness.
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1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer United States
For his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish
cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life.
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1977 Vicente Aleixandre Spain
For a creative poetic writing which illuminates man’s condition in the
cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great
renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry beween the wars.
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1976 Saul Bellow United States
For the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture
that are combined in his work.
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1975 Eugenio Montale Italy
For his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has
interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no
illusions.
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1974 Eyvind Johnson Sweden
For a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of
freedom.
Harry Martinson Sweden
For writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos.
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1973 Patrick White Australia
For an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a
new continent into literature.
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1972 Heinrich Boll Germany
For his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on
his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a
renewal of German literature.
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1971 Pablo Neruda Chile
For a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a
continent’s destiny and dreams.
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1970 Alexandr Solzhenitsyn USSR
For the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable
traditions of Russian literature.
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1969 Samuel Beckett Ireland
For his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the
destitution of modern man acquires its elevation.
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1968 Yasunari Kawabata Japan
For his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the
essence of the Japanese mind.
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1967 Miguel Angel Asturias Guatemala
For his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and
traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America.
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1966 Samuel Agnon Israel
For his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life
of the Jewish people.
Nelly Sachs Sweden
For her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel’s
destiny with touching strength.
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1965 Mikhail Sholokhov USSR
for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don,
he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian
people.
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1964 Jean-Paul Sartre France
For his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom
and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age.
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1963 Giorgos Seferis Greece
For his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the
Hellenic world of culture.
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1962 John Steinbeck United States
For his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do
sympathetic humour and keen social perception.
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1961 Ivo Andric Yugoslavia
For the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human
destinies drawn from the history of his country.
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1960 Saint-John Perse France
For the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a
visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time.
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1959 Salvatore Quasimodo Italy
For his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic
experience of life in our own times.
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1958 Boris Pasternak USSR
For his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in
the field of the great Russian epic tradition.
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1957 Albert Camus France
For his important literary production, which with clear-sighted
earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times.]
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1956 Juan Ramon Jimenez Spain
For his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example
of high spirit and artistical purity.
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1955 Halldor Laxness Iceland
For his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art
of Iceland.
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1954 Ernest Hemingway United States
for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in
The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on
contemporary style.
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1953 Winston Churchill United Kingdom
For his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for
brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values.
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1952 Francois Mauriac France
for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he
has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life.
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1951 Par Lagerkvist Sweden
For the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he
endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions
confronting mankind.
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1950 Bertrand Russell United Kingdom
In recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he
champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought.
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1949 William Faulkner United States
For his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern
American novel.
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1948 T.S. Eliot United Kingdom
For his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry.
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1947 Andre Gide France
for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which
human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of
truth and keen psychological insight.
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1946 Hermann Hesse Switzerland
for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and
penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high
qualities of style.
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1945 Gabriela Mistral Chile
For her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her
name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin
American world.
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1944 Johannes V. Jensen Denmark
For the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which
is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly
creative style.
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1943 One-third of the prize money was allocated to the Main Fund and
two-thirds allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
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1942 One-third of the prize money was allocated to the Main Fund and
two-thirds allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
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1941 One-third of the prize money was allocated to the Main Fund and
two-thirds allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
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1940 One-third of the prize money was allocated to the Main Fund and
two-thirds allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
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1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpaa Finland
For his deep understanding of his country’s peasantry and the exquisite
art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship
with Nature.
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1938 Pearl Buck United States
For her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and
for her biographical masterpieces.
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1937 Roger Martin du Gard France
For the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human
conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his
novel-cycle Les Thibault.
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1936 Eugene O’Neill United States
For the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works,
which embody an original concept of tragedy.
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1935 One-third of the prize money was allocated to the Main Fund and
two-thirds allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
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1934 Luigi Pirandello Italy
For his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art.
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1933 Ivan Bunin stateless domicile in France
For the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical
Russian traditions in prose writing.
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1932 John Galsworthy United Kingdom
For his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in
The Forsyte Saga.
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1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt Sweden
The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt.
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1930 Sinclair Lewis United States
For his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create,
with wit and humour, new types of characters.
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1929 Thomas Mann Germany
Principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily
increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary
literature.
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1928 Sigrid Undset Norway
Principially for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during
the Middle Ages.
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1927 Henri Bergson France
In recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill
with which they have been presented.
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1926 Grazia Deledda Italy
For her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity
picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal
with human problems in general.
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1925 George Bernard Shaw United Kingdom
For his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its
stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty.
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1924 Wladyslaw Reymont Poland
For his great national epic, “The Peasants”
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1923 William Butler Yeats Ireland
For his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives
expression to the spirit of a whole nation.
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1922 Jacinto Benavente Spain
For the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions
of the Spanish drama.
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1921 Anatole France France
In recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as
they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and
a true Gallic temperament.
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1920 Knut Hamsun Norway
For his monumental work, Growth of the Soil.
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1919 Carl Spitteler Switzerland
In special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring.
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1918 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
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1917 Karl Gjellerup Denmark
For his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals.
Henrik Pontoppidan Denmark
For his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark.
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1916 Verner von Heidenstam Sweden
In recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a
new era in our literature.
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1915 Romain Rolland France
As a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to
the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different
types of human beings.
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1914 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section
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1913 Rabindranath Tagore India
Because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which,
with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his
own English words, a part of the literature of the West.
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1912 Gerhart Hauptmann Germany
Primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding
production in the realm of dramatic art.
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1911 Maurice Maeterlinck Belgium
In appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially
of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination
and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy
tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the
readers’ own feelings and stimulate their imaginations.
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1910 Paul Heyse Germany
As a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which
he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet,
dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories.
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1909 Selma Lagerlof Sweden
In appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual
perception that characterize her writings.
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1908 Rudolf Eucken Germany
In recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of
thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in
presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and
developed an idealistic philosophy of life.
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1907 Rudyard Kipling United Kingdom
In consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination,
virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize
the creations of this world-famous author.
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1906 Giosue Carducci Italy
Not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research,
but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style,
and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces.
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1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz Poland
Because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer.
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1904 Frederic Mistral France
In recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic
production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native
spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a
Provencal philologist.
Jose Echegaray Spain
In recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an
individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the
Spanish drama.
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1903 Bjornstjerne Bjornson Norway
As a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has
always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and
the rare purity of its spirit.
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1902 Theodor Mommsen Germany
The greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special
reference to his monumental work, “A history of Rome”.
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1901 Sully Prudhomme France
In special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence
of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the
qualities of both heart and intellect.
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Source: nobelprize.org
To contact the reporter on this story: Joel Rinneby in Stockholm at jrinneby@bloomberg.net
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Marco Babic at mbabic@bloomberg.net Mark Evans
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